The Kotoko established their kingdom around 1500 CE, following the decline of the Sao civilization. At its height in the 15th century, the Kotoko state extended into parts of northern Nigeria, Cameroon, and southwestern Chad. Logone-Birni became one of its most influential client states. The Kotoko kingdom eventually came under the influence of the Kanem and later the Bornu Empires, which reinforced Islam’s spread in the region. During colonial times, their territories were divided among European powers.

Historically, the Kotoko established fortified towns along the Logone River between Bongor and Kusseri, as well as along the Chari River south of Lake Chad and other rivers like Makari, Mani, Kusseri, Logone-Birni, and Logone-Gana. Ethnologists describe them as riverine people because their communities are concentrated near rivers.

Kotoko speak a Chadic language from the Nilo-Saharan family. During the era of the Bornu Empire, they became vassals to the Kanuri people, who began converting them to Islam in the 18th century. Today, most Kotoko practice Folk Islam—a blend of traditional Islamic teachings and local spiritual beliefs, including the use of incantations, protective amulets, and reverence for river spirits.